Levels of Automobile Dependency

Automobile dependency ranges from low where a set of transportation alternatives are available to high where little if no alternatives outside automobile use are possible. When automobile trips exceed 75% of all personal trips (such as commuting and shopping) a situation of high dependency is observed. Automobile dependency is also linked with the urban spatial structure as cities with a low level of car dependency tend to be centralized with high levels of density while cities with a high level of automobile dependency have low levels of centrality and density.