Source: adapted from Boile, M., S. Theofanis, A. Baveja and N. Mittal (2008) �Regional repositioning of empty containers: A case for inland depots�, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board (in press).

Geographical Levels of Empty Container Repositioning

The repositioning of empty containers takes place at three geographical levels; global, inter-regional and regional. Global repositioning involves the resolution of trans-oceanic trade imbalances from surplus (import-oriented) to deficit (export-oriented) areas using ports as gateways. For inter-regional movements, containers are repositioned within continents using intermodal rail or short sea (pendulum or barges) shipping. They concern connections between inland terminals and ports. Regional repositioning mainly concerns drayage operations between empty container depots (or inland terminals) and major freight distribution clusters.