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Citing
Electronic Resources (especially web sites) |
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One of the most common reasons that students say that they end up
plagiarizing from web pages and other electronic resources is that
they do not know how to cite them properly in their school papers.
Here's the answer to that problem.
<The
following is modified extensively from Nancy Crane 1997. [Online].
Available: http://www.uvm.edu/~ncrane/estyles/apa.html [2000, August
31].>
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IN
THE TEXT OF YOUR PAPER |
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All
reliable electronic resources have an author's name or
organization name displayed. Always use individual author's names
where these are available. Web pages most often have these at the
bottom with the most recent date of revision. If you use an organization
name as the author, when you cite it in your text you should use
the acronym, i.e., ACS for American Cancer Society.
Example,
from web page written by an individual: A line
in your paper might read like: "In fact, green tea consumed
at the rate of three cups per day actually can reduce the risk of
skin cancer (Jones 2000)." Of course be sure to describe this
source of information fully in your literature cited section (see
how below).
Example,
from web page written by an organization: A line
in your paper might read like: "In fact, green tea consumed
at the rate of three cups per day actually can reduce the risk of
skin cancer (ACS 2000)." Of course be sure to describe this
source of information fully in your literature cited section (see
how below).
Example,
from web page without an obvious author or organization:
A line in your paper might read like: "In fact, green tea consumed
at the rate of three cups per day actually can reduce the risk of
skin cancer (Anonymous 2000)." Of course be sure to describe
this source of information fully in your literature cited section
(see how below).
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YOUR
LITERATURE CITED SECTION |
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Web
pages in your literature cited section:
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Author/editor.
(Year). Title (edition), [Type of medium]. Producer (optional).
Available Protocol (if applicable): Site/Path/File [Access
date].
Example:
Pritzker,
T. J. (No date). An Early fragment from central Nepal [Online].
Available: http://www.ingress.com/~astanart/pritzker/pritzker.html
[1995, June 8].
* Write
"No date" when the electronic publication date is
not available.
*
Use the Organization's name as author when an individual author's
name is not available.
*
Write "Anonymous" when neither the author's name
nor organization is available.
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Resources
such as CD/encyclopedias in your literature cited section
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Author/editor.
(Year). Title (edition), [Type of medium]. Producer (optional).
Available: Supplier/Database identifier or number [Access
date].
Example:
Anonymous.
(1992). Oxford English dictionary computer file: On compact
disc (2nd ed.), [CD-ROM]. Available: Oxford UP [1995, May
27].
* Write
"No date" when the electronic publication date is
not available.
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Online
Journal Articles or Journal articles from CD's in your literature
cited section: |
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Author.
(Year). Title. Journal Title [Type of medium], volume(issue),
paging or indicator of length. Available: Supplier/Database
name (Database identifier or number, if available)/Item or
accession number [Access date].
Author.
(Year). Title. Journal Title [Type of medium], volume(issue),
paging or indicator of length. Available Protocol (if applicable):
Site/Path/File [Access date].
Examples:
Clark,
J. K. (1993). Complications in academia: Sexual harassment
and the law. Siecus Report [CD-ROM], 21(6), 6-10. Available:
1994 SIRS/SIRS 1993 School/Volume 4/Article 93A [1995, June
13].
Carriveau,
K. L., Jr. (1995). [Review of the book Environmental hazards:
Marine pollution]. Electronic Green Journal [Online], 2(1),
3 paragraphs. Available: gopher://gopher.uidaho.edu/11/UI_gopher/library/egj03/carriv01.html
[1995, June 21].
* This
is a reference for a book review; brackets indicate title
is supplied.
*
When citing information retrieved on the World Wide Web, it
is not necessary to repeat the protocol (Gopher) after "Available"
since that is stated in the URL.
Inada,
K. (1995). A Buddhist response to the nature of human rights.
Journal of Buddhist Ethics [Online], 2, 9 paragraphs. Available:
http://www.cac.psu.edu/jbe/twocont.html [1995, June 21].
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Newspaper
Articles in your literature cited section |
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Author.
(Year, month day). Title. Newspaper Title [Type of medium],
paging or indicator of length. Available: Supplier/Database
name (Database identifier or number, if available)/Item or
accession number [Access date].
Author.
(Year, month day). Title. Newspaper Title [Type of medium],
paging or indicator of length. Available Protocol (if applicable):
Site/Path/File [Access date].
Examples:
Howell,
V., & Carlton, B. (1993, August 29). Growing up tough:
New generation fights for its life: Inner-city youths live
by rule of vengeance. Birmingham News [CD-ROM], p. 1A(10 pp.).
Available: 1994 SIRS/SIRS 1993 Youth/Volume 4/Article 56A
[1995, July 16].
Johnson,
T. (1994, December 5). Indigenous people are now more combative,
organized. Miami Herald [Online], p. 29SA (22 paragraphs).
Available: gopher://summit.fiu.edu/Miami Herald--Summit-Related
Articles/12/05/95--Indigenous People Now More Combative, Organized
[1995, July 16].
* This
reference gives beginning page and the number of paragraphs;
this information is useful if one wishes to refer to material
in text references.
*
When citing information retrieved on the World Wide Web, it
is not necessary to repeat the protocol (HTTP) after "Available"
since that is stated in the URL.
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