Geology 1C, Fall 2001, Prof. Bennington

Exam 3 Review Outline

Textbook: Ch. 11, 12, 16, 17, 18, 19 answer review questions in the back of the chapters.

Glaciers: mechanism of advance and retreat (mass balance), valley glaciers, continental glaciers, glaciers as agents of erosion: striations, u-shaped valleys, cirques, arretes, horns. Glaciers as agents of deposition: drift, till, outwash / stratified drift, kettles, kames, eskers, drumlins, moraines, loess.

Groundwater, aquifers, confining units, unconfined aquifer, confined aquifer, porosity, permeability, recharge, discharge, pumping, baseflow, subsea outflow, water table.

Long Island aquifers: Upper Glacial, Magothy, Lloyd, Raritan confining unit, cesspools, municipal supply wells, sewer systems, rural stage, suburban stage, urban stage.

Contamination: saltwater intrusion, point source pollutants, non-point source pollutants.

Karst topography, caves, caverns, sinkholes, flowstone, stalactites, stalagmites, bats.

Earthquakes: faults, normal and strike-slip, focus, epicenter, strain energy, p waves, s waves, surface waves (Love and Rayleigh), p-s lag and distance, triangulation to find the epicenter, Richter scale, Mercalli scale, liquifaction, tsunami.

Continental Drift: Alfred Wegener, Pangea, evidence for drifting continents (jigsaw puzzle, Permian age fossils, rock layers, climate zones, and glaciers).Rejection of continental drift.

Ocean floor: mid-ocean ridges, trenches, seamounts, guyotes, aseismic ridges.Harry Hess and sea floor spreading.Magnetic polarity reversals, polar wander paths.Proofs of sea floor spreading: magnetic polarity stripes, Benioff zones, age of the ocean floor.

Plate tectonics: rifting, subduction, divergent plate boundaries, convergent plate boundaries, ocean-ocean collision, ocean-continent, continent-continent, island arcs, hot spots, transform faults, passive continental margin.